Ambedkarite Social Democracy in Rajasthan: Outcomes of SC/ST Sub-Plan Expenditure, 2005–2025

Abstract

This paper evaluates the Scheduled Caste Sub-Plan (SCSP) and Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) now institutionalized as Development Action Plans for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (DAPSC/DAPST) as instruments of Ambedkarite social democracy in Rajasthan from 2005 to 2025. Using a longitudinal policy evaluation design, it triangulates state budget documents, Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) audits, statutory provisions, and outcome data to assess allocations, utilization, sectoral composition, and social indicators. The study finds three broad patterns. First, Rajasthan’s 2022 legislation mandating population proportionate earmarking led to a visible expansion of sub plan outlays in 2025–26 and clearer sectoral mapping to education, health, and drinking water. Second, utilization remains uneven: audit findings and reportage document delays and within year cash rationing, including non release of funds to TSP districts in 2024–25. Third, progress on social outcomes literacy, health coverage, and basic services continues but lags markedly for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes relative to the state average. These findings reveal a persistent implementation gap rooted in budgetary politics and administrative capacity constraints. Interpreted through Ambedkar’s program of social democracy, the sub plan is best understood as a contested arena where rights based claims compete with patronage based distributive incentives.